Immunotherapy in bladder cancer : current methods and future perspectives

CC BY Logo DOI

Bladder cancer is one of the most significant genitourinary cancer, causing high morbidity and mortality in a great number of patients. Over the years, various treatment methods for this type of cancer have been developed. The most common is the highly efficient method using Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, giving a successful effect in a high percentage of patients. However, due to the genetic instability of bladder cancer, together with individual needs of patients, the search for different therapy methods is ongoing. Immune checkpoints are cell surface molecules influencing the immune response and decreasing the strength of the immune response. Among those checkpoints, the PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1)/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein ligand 1) inhibitors aim at blocking those molecules, which results in T cell activation, and in bladder cancer the use of Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Durvalumab, Nivolumab, and Pembrolizumab has been described. The inhibition of another pivotal immune checkpoint, CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T cell antigen), may result in the mobilization of the immune system against bladder cancer and, among anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, the use of Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab has been discussed. Moreover, several different approaches to successful bladder cancer treatment exists, such as the use of ganciclovir and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase inhibitors, IL-12 (interleukin-12) and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). The use of gene therapies and the disruption of different signaling pathways are currently being investigated. Research suggests that the combination of several methods increases treatment efficiency and the positive outcome in individual.

Tytuł
Immunotherapy in bladder cancer : current methods and future perspectives
Twórca
Wołącewicz Mikołaj
Słowa kluczowe
bladder cancer; immunotherapy; checkpoint inhibitor; nowotwór pęcherza moczowego; immunoterapia; inhibicja punktów kontrolnych
Współtwórca
Hrynkiewicz Rafał ORCID 0000-0002-0688-6928
Grywalska Ewelina
Suchojad Tomasz
Leksowski Tomasz
Roliński Jacek
Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina ORCID 0000-0003-4065-3842
Data
2020
Typ zasobu
artykuł
Identyfikator zasobu
DOI 10.3390/cancers12051181
Źródło
Cancers, 2020, vol. 12 iss. 5, [br. s.], 1181
Język
angielski
Prawa autorskie
CC BY CC BY
Kategorie
Publikacje pracowników US
Data udostępnienia22 lip 2021, 14:22:37
Data mod.22 lip 2021, 14:22:37
DostępPubliczny
Aktywnych wyświetleń0