Annual reproductive cycle of Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii, Dybowski, 1877 (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Odontobutidae) an invasive fish inhabiting Central Europe

Chinese sleeper is an invasive species from South Asia inhabiting Eastern and Central Europe. So far, no detailed analysis of the reproductive cycle of Chinese sleepers has been conducted. The aim of the study was to describe the reproductive cycle of Chinese sleepers in the Wilanówka River, Vistula tributary (Poland, Central Europe). Fish morphometric data, age, gonadal maturity, and absolute and relative fecundity of females were analysed. A standard paraffin technique and six-stage scales were used to assess the gonad development and maturation in both sexes. The age of the studied fish ranged from 0+ to 6+.The female-to-male ratio was 1:1. Females and males mature at age 1+.The smallest female and male reaching maturity were 3.8 and 3.7 cm long, respectively. An extended spawning season from the beginning of April to mid-September was determined based on gonadal maturity analysis. The mean absolute fecundity was 2,971 (180–19,656) oocytes. The male reproductive system comprises paired testis (spermatogenic region, blackish color) and paired testicular gland (secretory region, whitish color). In both regions, seasonal changes were observed. Male gonads during winter had completed spermatogenesis, and the lobules were filled with spermatozoa. Very fast spermatogenesis and overlapping of reproductive cycles have been observed in Chinese sleeper males. Almost all year round testis contains spermatozoa. In the new habitat examined, this species was characterized by earlier maturation and longer reproduction season, compared to the native habitat and other native species of the examined area. Moreover, high female fecundity, multiple spawning, and lower investment in the development of gonads in males allow maintaining vitality and protecting the nest, contribute to the species competitiveness and successful colonization of new areas.