Effects of copper nanoparticles on oxidative stress genes and their enzyme activities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in the environment due to their wide range of applications, posing potential threats to living organisms. Negative effects of Cu-NP exposure have been confirmed in many fish species, and they include disorders in the expression of oxidative stress genes and the activity of enzymes they encode. Common carp, known for its sensitivity to nanopollutants in water, serves as a valuable model organism for nanoparticle toxicity assessment. This study investigated the effects of specific Cu-NPs – copper nanopowder (Cu-NPs), colloidal copper nanoparticles (Cu), and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) – on gene expression and enzyme activity (GPX, CYP1A, HSP70, SOD, CAT) in C. carpio hatchlings, utilizing molecular biology tools and biochemical analyses. Results showed that Cu increased the expression of the hsp70 gene, Cu-NPs elevated the expression of the cyp1a and hsp70 genes, and CuO increased cyp1a expression. Conversely, sod and cat exhibited reduced expression across all samples (Cu, Cu-NPs, CuO). All Cu forms induced significant ROS accumulation and notable alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPX).